The RAMGPT learning series
AI Foundations.
One concept at a time.
A clear path from the basics to running a model.
No computer science background required. Start at the beginning, or find the stage that connects to what you are reading now. Lessons build on one another.
Written by William and machaMochaLatte, with editorial review by RAMGPT. This growing path includes every published lesson.
Stage 01 · Lessons 1–5
Build the map
Connect AI, machine learning, parameters, tensors, and the forward pass.
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What Does It Mean for a Machine to Learn?
- 03↗
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Parameters, Weights, and Biases: What Are They in a Neural Network?
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What Is a Tensor? The Shape of Data Inside AI
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What Is a Forward Pass? How Data Moves Through a Neural Network
Stage 02 · Lessons 6–8
Understand learning
Follow how loss, gradient descent, and backpropagation change a network.
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How Does a Neural Network Start Learning? Training Begins With Loss
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Stage 03 · Lessons 9–12
Look inside a Transformer
Connect embeddings, tokens, attention, and the Transformer block.
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Embeddings: How AI Turns Meaning Into Coordinates
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Tokenization: How Text Becomes the IDs an AI Model Can Read
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Attention: How Each Token Decides Which Other Tokens Matter
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Transformer: How Attention Becomes a Complete Neural Network Block
Stage 04 · Lessons 13–14
Train for a purpose
Distinguish pretraining from fine-tuning and understand what each changes.
Stage 05 · Lessons 15–18
Run the model
Follow inference, sampling, context, KV cache, and quantization.
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Sampling: How Temperature, Top-k, and Top-p Choose the Next Token
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Context and KV Cache: How an LLM Reuses Earlier Tokens
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Quantization: How Fewer Bits Make Large Models Smaller
Stage 06 · Lessons 19–38
Further lessons
Continue with the latest published lessons beyond the core learning path.
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Mixture of Experts: How MoE Models Activate Only Part of the Network
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Multimodal AI: How Text, Images, and Audio Enter One Model
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Reasoning and Reinforcement Learning: Beyond Pretraining
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Evaluation and Benchmarks: How Do We Know an AI Model Is Better?
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Tool Use and Agents: How AI Models Choose and Execute Actions
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Alignment and Guardrails: Why Capable AI Still Needs Boundaries
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Monitoring and Drift: How to Know an AI System Is Still Working
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Latency and Throughput: Why LLM Speed Has More Than One Number
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Continuous Batching and Scheduling: How LLM Servers Share a GPU
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Prefix Caching and KV Reuse: Why Repeated Prompts Can Be Cheaper
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PagedAttention: How LLM Servers Stop KV Cache From Wasting Memory
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Speculative Decoding: Why a Draft Model Can Speed Up a Larger LLM
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Tensor, Data, Pipeline and Expert Parallelism for LLM Inference
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Disaggregated Prefill and Decode: Two Jobs Inside One LLM Request
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Constrained Decoding: How an LLM Can Follow a JSON Schema
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Tool Calling Is Not Tool Execution: The Model and the Application
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Agent State and Checkpoints: Planning Beyond One Tool Call
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AI Foundations #37: Handoffs vs Agents as Tools
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AI Foundations #38: Evaluating Agents by Verified Outcomes